• specialization

  • production process → small parts

  • worker: specific task

    • concentration

  • different level: individuals/ firms/ regions/ countries

  • Firm

    • narrow range
    • marketing/ human resource/ finance/ production

  • Country: regional specialization

  • World

  • Advantage

    • firms
      • efficiency: accurate task → productivity ↑
      • greater use of specialists/ tools/ machinery/ equipment
      • production time ↓
      • easier organization
    • workers
      • suitable work
      • skilled → wages ↑
      • simplified job → stress ↓
    • consumer
      • productivity ↑ costs ↓ price ↓
      • machinery → consistent quality
    • economy

      • price ↓

        → inflation ↓ 通貨膨脹

        → competitive

  • Disadvantage

    • worker
      • repetitive → lack of satisfaction → poor quality/ punctuality
      • risk of unemployment : replaced by machine
    • firms
      • interdependence
      • x flexibility: required skill
      • bottlenecks: one process quicker than another
      • machinery
        • investment ↑ : purchase + maintenance
        • breakdowns → production ↓
    • consumer
      • lack of variety of goods
    • economics
      • machinery → unemployment